Surface topography and bacterial adhesion of CAD/CAM resin based materials after application of different surface finishing techniques

Aim: This study evaluated the surface topography and bacterial adhesion of a hybrid ceramic and a nano ceramic resin composite after different surface finishes. Methods: Hybrid ceramic (Vita Enamic, VITA - EN) and nano ceramic resin composite (Lava Ultimate, 3M/ESPE - LV) blocks of 12 x 14 x 18 mm were cut into 1 mm slices. Each slice was divided into four specimens (6 x 7 mm) that were randomly allocated into 4 groups (n=8) according to the surface finishing: CTL - without surface finish (control); DB - wear with a diamond bur; VT - polishing system for hybrid ceramic (VITA); and DD - polishing system for ceramics (Dedeco). The specimens were analyzed regarding surface roughness parameters (Ra, Rz, Rq), sterilized and subjected to bacterial adhesion. Representative specimens from each group were observed by SEM and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Data were submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). Results: EN had lower surface roughness and bacterial adhesion than LV (p<0.05), regardless of the surface finish. The highest values for all roughness parameters was observed in LVDB group, differing from the other groups, which were not significantly different. Smaller bacterial adhesion values (CFU/mL) were observed for ENDD and ENVT, which differed significantly from the other groups, except ENCTL. For LV groups there was no significant difference between the different surface finishes (p>0.05). The type of material and surface finish system significantly interfered with surface roughness parameters and bacterial adhesion. The hybrid ceramic performed better after polishing than the nano-ceramic resin. Conclusion: An adequate finishing/polishing technique should always be performed after any kind of adjustment to indirect restorations made with these materials tested

Influence of antimicrobial solutions in the decontamination and adhesion of glass-fiber posts to root canals

AbstractObjective This study evaluated the effect of root canal disinfectants on the elimination of bacteria from the root canals, as well as their effect on glass-fiber posts bond strength.Material and Methods Fifty-three endodontically treated root canals had post spaces of 11 mm in length prepared and contaminated with E. faecalis. For CFU/ml analysis, eight teeth were contaminated for 1 h or 30 days (n=4). Teeth were decontaminated with 5% NaOCl, 2% CHX, or distilled water. As control, no decontamination was conducted. After decontamination, sterile paper points were used to collect samples, and CFU/ml were counted. For push-out, three groups were evaluated (n=15): irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl, 2% CHX, or sterile distilled water. A bonding agent was applied to root canal dentin, and a glass-fiber post was cemented with a dual-cured cement. After 24 h, 1-mm-thick slices of the middle portion of root canals were obtained and submitted to the push-out evaluation. Three specimens of each group were evaluated in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s T3 test (α=0.05).Results The number of CFU/ml increased from 1 h to 30 days of contamination in control and sterile distilled water groups. Decontamination with NaOCl was effective only when teeth were contaminated for 1 h. CHX was effective at both contamination times. NaOCl did not influence the bond strength (p>0.05). Higher values were observed with CHX (p<0.05). SEM showed formation of resin tags in all groups.Conclusion CHX showed better results for the irrigation of contaminated root canals both in reducing the bacterial contamination and in improving the glass-fiber post bonding.

Comparative analysis of four cleaning methods of endodontic files

Introduction: Due to the size and design of endodontic files, these instruments have been considered one of the most difficult to clean among all dental instruments. The debris maintenance within the sulcus prevents the effective sterilization and may compromise the disinfection of root canal systems in endodontic therapy. However, there is neither a method nor technique that standardized the cleaning of these instruments. Objective: To evaluate the cleaning ability of four techniques used in dentistry. Material and methods: For this purpose, 30 new size #40 Flexofile were used for the preparation of the canals of mandibular molars of pigs. After instrumentation, the contamination and the presence of debris in the sulcus was confirmed and the files were randomly divided into four groups: control group (without cleaning), group 1 (enzymatic detergent + manual brushing with nylon bristle brush), group 2 (ultrasound + enzymatic detergent), group 3 (ultrasound + water) and group 4 (gauze embedded in 70% alcohol). Next, all files were photographed and photographs were printed at high quality. The spirals containing debris were counted. Results: Manual cleaning with enzymatic detergent and nylon bristle brush, ultrasound with either water or detergent showed the best cleaning capacity in which respectively 100%, 98.9% and 96.2%, of the spirals were free of debris. Cleaning with alcohol and gauze proved to be ineffective, showing debris in more than 40% of the spirals by visual analysis. In control group, 91% of the spirals presented debris. It can be concluded that the association between manual and ultrasound cleaning may be promising in ensuring a cleaning protocol for endodontic files cleaning.

Sanitization of sports mouthguards

Introduction: Mouthguards are removable intra-oral devices that, if used correctly, make the protection of the teeth and soft tissues such as gums, lips and cheeks from the impact during the sport activity. Objective: To know about the habits and attitudes towards the hygiene and use of mouthguards for athletes and evaluate the ability of a new product in spray form to decontaminate mouthguards. Material and methods: An interview by means of a questionnaire was conducted with 22 men, young adults, rugby players, in order to know their habits and attitudes about the use and cleaning of mouthguards. After this step, microbiological testing was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a test product in the decontamination of mouthguards. Results: The sample consists of young adults, well-educated, but who had little information about cleaning of mouthguards. Only one participant executed the decontamination adequately. By microbiological assessing the test product was effective in decontaminating the samples of mouthguards. Conclusion: The risk of saliva contamination of mouthguards, the hygiene care and storage and the need for disinfection of these devices should be better disseminated among professionals and especially among athletes. The test product was effective in decontaminating salivary mouthguards.

Utilization of a biochemical kit for detection of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the saliva of periodontal disease individuals

Introduction: Periodontal disease (PD) is a chronic inflammatory process that occurs in response to infection from bacteria in dental plaque. PD affects and destroys the periodontal tissues causing teeth loss. It is also associated to systemic diseases. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein produced by the liver and released into the blood during the acute phase of inflammation. Therefore, CRP is very used as a marker for inflammation process. Studies on the presence of CRP in the saliva of the subjects with PD do not exist. Objective: The aim of this study was to test a biochemical kit for CRP detection in blood plasma to monitor CRP in saliva of PD subjects. Material and methods: Saliva was collected from 40 individuals, both sexes, from 20-45 years-old, divided into two groups: Test Group - PD subjects (TG; n = 20) and Control Group (CG n = 20), without PD. The following salivary parameters were analysed: buffer capacity (BC), salivary flow (SF), pH, urea, total proteins, and CRP. Results: pH, SF and BC values were considered normal in both groups. The urea concentration was higher in TG (27.4 mg/dl ± 10.03) than CG (22.9 mg/dl ± 8.3). However, the concentration of total proteins was higher in CG (201.2 ± 100 mg/dl) than TG (155.0 ± 95 mg/dl). CRP was detected in 11 PD subjects and in eight subjects without PD. Conclusion: There were no significant differences between the two groups in relation to SF, pH and BC. However, in PD subjects' saliva, urea values increased and total proteins decreased. The biochemical kit detected CRP in subjects' saliva of both groups.

Avaliação in vitro da ação antimicrobiana de alguns cimentos endodônticos / In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of some endodontic sealers

Introdução: Ao realizar o tratamento endodôntico, o cirurgião-dentista deve utilizar meios para eliminar ou reduzir o número de bactérias situadas no interior do canal radicular em casos de necrose pulpar. Objetivo: Avaliar a ação antimicrobiana dos cimentos endodônticos Endofill, Sealer 26, AHPlus e Acroseal. Material e métodos: A avaliação foi feita pelo método de estudo de difusão em ágar, em placas previamente inoculadas com os microrganismos E. coli, E. faecalis, B. cereus e S. aureus. Após 48 horas de incubação em estufa a 37ºC, realizou-se leitura do diâmetro do halo de inibição do crescimento microbiano. Resultados: O cimento Acroseal mostrou atividade antimicrobiana ausente contra E. coli e E. faecalis e moderada contra B. cereus e S. aureus; o AHPlus e o Endofill evidenciaram alto poder antimicrobiano principalmente contra E. coli; o Sealer 26 apresentou moderada ação antimicrobiana contra todos os microrganismos empregados. Conclusão: A maioria dos cimentos endodônticos avaliados demonstrou atividade antimicrobiana contra os microrganismos usados. Os cimentos AHPlus e Endofill tiveram maior poder antimicrobiano.

Introduction: When performing endodontic treatment, the dental surgeon must find ways to eliminate or reduce the microorganisms situated in the root canal in cases of pulpal necrosis. Objective: To analyze the antimicrobial action of Endofill, Sealer 26, AHPlus and Acroseal endodontic sealers. Material and methods: Evaluation was made by Agar diffusion method in plates previously inoculated with the following microorganisms: E. coli, E. faecalis, B. cereus and S. aureus. The zones of inhibition were measured after 48 hours of incubation at 37°C. Results: Acroseal sealer showed no antimicrobial activity against E. coli and E. faecalis and it showed moderate activity against B. cereus and S. aureus; AHPlus and Endofill showed high activity mainly against E. coli; Sealer 26 showed moderate activity against all of the microorganisms used. Conclusion: The majority of endodontic sealers have showed antimicrobial activity against the microorganisms used. AHPlus and Endofill sealers were the ones that showed greater antimicrobial activity.

Distribution of biotypes and leukotoxic activity of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans isolated from Brazilian patients with chronic periodontitis / Distribuição de biótipos e atividade leucotóxica de Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans isolados de pacientes brasileiros com periodontite crônica

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is an important etiologic agent of the periodontitis and is associated with extra-oral infections. In this study, the detection of the ltxA gene as well as the ltx promoter region from leukotoxic A. actinomycetemcomitans isolated from 50 Brazilian patients with periodontitis and 50 healthy subjects was performed. The leukotoxic activity on HL-60 cells was also evaluated. Leukotoxic activity was determined using a trypan blue exclusion method. The 530 bp deletion in the promoter region was evaluated by PCR using a PRO primer pair. A. actinomycetemcomitans was detected by culture and directly from crude subgingival biofilm by PCR using specific primers. By culture, A. actinomycetemcomitans was detected in nine (18 percent) of the periodontal patients and one (2 percent) healthy subject. However, by PCR, this organism was detected in 44 percent of the periodontal patients and in 16 percent of the healthy subjects. It was verified a great discrepancy between PCR detection of the ltx operon promoter directly from crude subgingival biofilm and from bacterial DNA. Only one periodontal sample harbored highly leukotoxic A. actinomycetemcomitans. Moreover, biotype II was the most prevalent and no correlation between biotypes and leukotoxic activity was observed. The diversity of leukotoxin expression by A. actinomycetemcomitans suggests a role of this toxin in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and other infectious diseases

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans é um importante agente etiológico da periodontite e produz infecções extra-bucais. Neste estudo, foram detectados os biótipos, o gene ltxA associado à produção de leucotoxina e o promotor ltx em A. actinomycetemcomitans de pacientes com e sem periodontite. A atividade leucotóxica sobre células HL-60 também foi avaliada. A atividade leucotóxica foi determinada através do método de exclusão do azul de tripam. A deleção de 530 bp no promotor ltx foi avaliada usando-se o par de iniciadores PRO. A. actinomycetemcomitans foi detectado por cultura e por PCR. Por cultura, A. actinomycetemcomitans foi detectado em nove pacientes com periodontite (18 por cento) e em um indivíduo sadio (2 por cento). Por PCR esse microrganismo foi detectado em 44 por cento dos pacientes com periodontite e em 16 por cento dos saudáveis. Verificou-se diferença estatística entre a detecção do promotor do operon ltx, por PCR, diretamente do biofilme subgengival e do DNA bacteriano. Somente uma amostra clínica apresentou A. actinomycetemcomitans altamente leukotóxico. O biótipo II foi o mais prevalente e não foi observada correlação biótipo-atividade leucotóxica. A expressão da leucotoxina por A. actinomycetemcomitans na doença periodontal e outras doenças infecciosas necessita ser avaliado.

Estudo in vitro da atividade antimicrobiana de soluções irrigadoras na eliminação de Enterococcus faecalis / In vitro study of antimicrobial activity of irrigating solutions in the elimination of Enterococcus faecalis

Bactérias facultativas como Enterococcus faecalis têm sido isoladas de patologias ligadas a canais radiculares, sendo consideradas uma das espécies mais resistentes da cavidade oral e uma das possíveis causas de falha nos tratamentos endodônticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, in vitro, a efetividade de várias soluções irrigadoras na eliminação de Enterococcus faecalis. Foi aplicado o teste de disco-difusão em ágar neste trabalho. A bactéria utilizada foi Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC29212), e as soluções irrigadoras foram NaOCl 0,5%, 1%, 2,5% e 5%; clorexidina 0,12% e 2%; EDTA 17%; e H2O2 10 vol. A clorexidina 2% e NaOCl 5% foram as soluções irrigadoras mais eficientes, e NaOCl 0,5%, EDTA 17% e H2O2 mostraram-se inefetivas na eliminação dessa espécie. Os resultados sugerem que a eliminação de E. faecalis depende da concentração e do tipo de solução irrigadora utilizada

Facultative bacteria such as Enterococcus faecalis, have been isolatedfrom pathologically involved root canals, being considered one of themost resistant species in the oral cavity one of the possible causes offailure of root canal treatment. The aim of this study was to assess, invitro, the effectiveness of the several irrigating solutions in theelimination of Enterococcus faecalis. The disk-diffusion in agar testwas utilized in this study. The bacteria utilized was Enterococcus faecalisATCC 29212 and the irrigating solutions were NaOCl 0,5%, 1%, 2,5%and 5%; chlorhexidine 0,12% and 2%; EDTA 17% and H2O2 10 vol. Chlorhexidine 2% and NaOCl 5% were the most effective irrigators andNaOCl 0,5%; EDTA 17% and H2O2 showed ineffectiveness in theelimination of this specie. These results suggest that the elimination ofE. faecalis depends on the concentration and type of irrigator used

Cirurgia parendodôntica: avaliação de diferentes técnicas para a realização da apicectomia / Endodontic surgery: evaluation of different techniques for accomplishment of apicoectomy

A apicectomia é um ato cirúrgico em que é realizada a ressecção apical da raiz. É indicada em casos de raízes dilaceradas que impedem um tratamento convencional, perfurações da raiz no terço apical, presença de ramificações não obturadas e instrumentos endodônticos fraturados, cujos tratamentos foram incapazes de solucionar o problema via canal radicular. O insucesso no tratamento endodôntico ocorre normalmente em virtude da presença de microrganismos nas profundidades do sistema de canais radiculares que resistiram aos procedimentos de limpeza e moldagem. O objetivo do presente estudo foi fazer uma revisão literária sobre fatores relacionados aos recursos técnicos para a realização da apicectomia e às condições anatômicas e histológicas. Por meio da revisão de literatura, pôde-se concluir que vários elementos influenciam no sucesso após a realização de apicectomia, a saber: a região radicular na qual o corte é feito, o uso de brocas ou laser na sua confecção e o envolvimento das variações anatômicas apicais

Apicoectomy is the surgery in which the apical resection of the dental rootis carried through. Among the indications there are cases of ripped rootthat can prevent conventional treatment, perforations of the root into thethird apical, presence of not filled ramifications and fractured endodonticinstruments, whose treatments had been incapable to solve the problem bythe root canal. The failure in the endodontic treatment is normally relatedwith the presence of microorganisms in the depths of the root canal system,resistant to the procedures of cleanness and modeling. The objective of thepresent study was to make a literature review on the factors related to thetechnical resources, anatomical and histological conditions for theaccomplishment of the apicoectomy. It was concluded that some factorsinfluence for the success of the apicoectomy, among them: the root region inwhich the cut is made, the use of drills or laser in its confection and theinvolvement of the apical anatomical variations

Avaliação da microbiota salivar de pacientes pediátricos com e sem diabetes melito do tipo 1 / Evaluation of salivary microbiota of pediatric patients with and without mellitus type 1 diabetes

Diabetes melito é uma doença metabólica que pode ocorrer na infância e na adolescência como resultado da deficiência de insulina, de resistência periférica ou ambos. Sua inter-relação com a odontologia se dá por intermédio de vários sinais e sintomas na cavidade bucal, além de aumentar o risco de doenças periodontais e cárie dental. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar microbiologicamente a saliva de crianças com ou sem diabetes. Amostras salivares foram coletadas e plaqueadas em kits de laminocultivo específicos para Lactobacillus e S. mutans, incubadas e contadas conforme instruções do fabricante (Laborclin). Na contagem de Lactobacillus observaram-se médias de 4,5 e 3,5 no log10 (p=0,01), em crianças com e sem diabetes, respectivamente. Na contagem de S. mutans foram obtidas médias de 4,1 e 3,7 no log10 (p=0,11) em crianças com e sem diabetes, respectivamente. Pode-se concluir que crianças com diabetes abrigam uma contagem maior de Lactobacillus salivar do que crianças sem a doença

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that can occur in childhood and adolescence as a result of insulin deficiency, of peripheral resistance or both. Signs and symptoms in the oral cavity correlate this disease to dentistry, besides the increase of periodontal diseases and dental caries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the saliva of children with and without diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM-1). Salivary samples were collected and tested with culture kits for Lactobacillus and S. mutans, incubated and counted as manufacturer instructions (Laborclin®). Results achieved means of 4.5 and 3.5 (log10 and p = 0,01) for Lactobacillus in DM-1 children and normal children, respectively. S. mutans counts revealed means of 4.1 and 3.7 (log10 and p = 0,11) for DM-1 children and normal children, respectively. Statistically, it is possible to conclude that pediatric patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 have greater counts of salivary Lactobacillus than normal children

Eficiência de diferentes soluções na descontaminação de cones de guta-percha expostos ao Enterococcus faecalis / Effectiveness of different solutions in decontamination of gutta-percha cones exposed to Enterococcus faecalis

Os cones de guta-percha são os principais materiais obturadores dos canais radiculares. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de alguns produtos na descontaminação desses cones. No trabalho em questão, utilizaram-se 80 cones de guta-percha #40, separados em 8 grupos (10 cones). Contaminaram-se 70 cones com Enterecoccus faecalis por imersão em solução salina contendo 10 a 10 células bacterianas/mL. Os grupos sofreram descontaminação por G1: álcool 70% ; G2: álcool 70% + iodo 1%; G3: álcool 70% + clorexidina 4%; G4: clorexidina 4%; G5: NaOCl 2,5%; G6: NaOCl 5,25%; G7: solução salina; G8: não foi contaminado e não sofreu descontaminação (controle). Após 1 minuto em contato com cada produto, cinco (5) cones foram retirados, lavados em solução salina estéril e introduzidos individualmente em tubos contendo caldo BHI. Os cones restantes foram retirados após 5 minutos em contato com as soluções, repetindo o mesmo processo dos anteriores. O conjunto de tubos foi agitado por 1 minuto e levado à estufa a 37ºC por 48 horas. Os tubos que apresentavam turbidez do caldo BHI foram considerados positivos. Observou-se que no tempo de 1 minuto houve crescimento bacteriano nos grupos 1,2,5 e 7, e no tempo de 5 minutos somente os grupos 5 e 7 apresentaram crescimento bacteriano. O grupo 8 teve um cone contaminado. Com a metodologia empregada, concluímos que a associação de álcool 70% com clorexidina 4%, solução aquosa de clorexidina 4% e NaOCl 5,25% não permitiu o desenvolvimento de E. faecalis, promovendo portanto boa desinfecção dos cones de guta-percha num tempo adequado para prática clínica

The cones of gutta-percha are the main root canal filling materials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of some products in the decontamination of these cones. Eighty (80) cones of gutta-percha #40, separated in 8 groups with 10 cones each one, have been used as sampling. Seventy cones have been contaminated with Enterecoccus faecalis for immersion in saline solution contends 105 to 108 bacterial cells/mL. The groups have suffered decontamination for G1: alcohol 70%; G2: alcohol 70% + iodine 1%; G3: alcohol 70% + chlorexidine 4%; G4: chlorexidine 4%; G5: NaOCl 2,5%; G6: NaOCl 5,25%; G7: saline solution; G8: it was not contaminated and it did not suffer decontamination (control). After 1 minute in contact with each product, five (5) cones have been removed, washed in sterile saline solution and introduced individually in tubes containing BHI solution. The other cones have been removed after 5 minutes in contact with the solutions, repeating the same process of the previous ones. The set of tubes have been agitated per 1 minute and taken to the sterilizer and kept there at 37ºC for 48 hours. The tubes that presented turbidity of BHI solution have been considered positive. It could be observed that in the time of 1 minute there was a bacterial growth in groups 1, 2, 5 and 7 and in the time of 5 minutes only groups 5 and 7 had presented bacterial growth. Group 8 presented one contaminated cone. With the used methodology, we concluded that the alcohol 70% + chlorexidine 4%, chlorexidine 4% and NaOCl 5,25% solutions did not allow the development of E. faecalis, promoting therefore good disinfection of the gutta-percha cones in an adjusted time for clinic practice

I UNIPAR Solidária Mariluz: vivenciando a realidade / Solidary UNIPAR Mariluz: experiencing the reality

O presente estudo foi desenvolvido pela equipe do 1º UNIPAR SOLIDÁRIA realizado no perí-odo de 24 de janeiro a 07 de fevereiro de 1999, no Município de Mariluz - Pr. As atividades visaram o atendi-mento básico a hipertensäo, diabetes, a saúde bucal, higiene geral, prevençäo de Ca de colo uterino e mama, planejamento familiar, prevençäo de DST, saúde da gestante, do idoso, saúde mental (rua de recreio, pintura em muro, dança, canto), prevençäo de acidentes no trabalho com agrotóxico, teste de acuidade visual e treinamento de merendeiras.